Medical journals from the 1800s described differences in disease susceptibility, skin thickness, and pain tolerance among races. These misconceptions about biologic differences, the historical exploitation of minorities in research, and implicit biases among healthcare workers have all affected patient care. Discrepancies still exist in pain assessment and management for minority patients compared with their White counterparts and lead to poor health outcomes. 

The use of the term Advanced Practice Provider (APP) is a subject of debate within the health care community, particularly among PAs and Nurse Practitioners (NPs). The constituent organization of PAs, NPs, and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) has been forceful in their guides about properly referring to their members. 

This study assessed the availability of provider health programs (PHPs) for physician associates/assistants (PAs), as well as the accessibility of information about these resources through state licensing boards and PA constituent organizations.

Data were collected through audits of the websites of the PA licensing board and state/district constituent group for each state and the District of Columbia from ...